Definition and Examples of Logical Fallacies

A Fallacy is an error in reasoning that renders an argument invalid: A fallacious argument is a defective argument, says Michael F. Goodman, and  a fallacy is  the defect in the argument itself. . . . Any argument committing one of the informal fallacies is an argument in which the conclusion does not follow conclusively from the premise(s) (First Logic, 1993). Observations on Fallacy In logic and the generalized study of reasoning, there are generally understood to be such things as good reasoning and bad reasoning. Typically, bad reasoning is characterized by falling into one or more of the classically compiled logical fallacies. A logical fallacy is simply a failure of logic. Arguments that are said to be fallacious have gaping holes or misleading leaps in their structure and reasoning.(J. Meany and K. Shuster, Art, Argument, and Advocacy. IDEA, 2002)An informal fallacy is an attempt at making a logical argument where there’s a failure in the reasoning itself. This can stem from a number of causes, such as the misapplication of words and phrases, or misunderstandings based on inappropriate assumptions. Illogical sequences in an argument can also cause informal fallacies. While informal fallacies can result in inaccurate arguments and false conclusions, that doesn’t mean they can’t be very persuasive.(Russ Alan Prince, How To Bolster Your Ne gotiations With Informal  Fallacies. Forbes, June 7, 2015) Deceptions A fallacy is so conceived that if an argument exhibits a fallacy, it is probably a bad one, but if the argument exhibits no such violation, it is a good one.Fallacies are mistakes in reasoning that do not seem to be mistakes. Indeed, part of the etymology of the word fallacy comes from the notion of deception. Fallacious arguments usually have the deceptive appearance of being good arguments. That perhaps explains why we are so often misled by them.(T. Edward Damer, Attacking Faulty Reasoning, 2001) Violations [O]ne clear sense of fallacy that we will encounter will involve a shift away from the correct direction in which an argumentative dialogue is progressing. By various means, an arguer may impede the other party from making her point or may attempt to draw the discussion off track. In fact, one popular modern approach to understanding fallacious reasoning is to see it as involving violations of rules that should govern disputes so as to ensure that they are well conducted and resolved. This approach, put forward by [Frans] van Eemeren and [Rob] Grootendorst in several works, goes by the name of pragma-dialectics. Not only is each of the traditional fallacies understood as a violation of a discussion rule, but new fallacies emerge to correspond to other violations once we focus on this way of conducting arguments.(Christopher W. Tindale, Fallacies and Argument Appraisal. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Pronunciation: FAL-eh-see Also Known As: logical fallacy, informal fallacy Etymology:From the Latin, deceive Etymology:From the Latin, deceive

Physical Education- Applying Risk Management Strategies to...

L2 Physical Education- Achievement standard 91333 In this PE assessment, we learned to apply risk management strategies to outdoor activities associated with the water/beach such as snorkelling and swimming. Our class practiced snorkelling skills (ie. Clearing snorkels, equalising, dolphin kicking) in the school pool and at Picnic Bay/Mangawhai which was preparation for snorkelling at Goat Island marine reserve. We analysed the possible risks and hazards that could occur during these activities and the factors that may cause them. As a class, we had to come up with strategies to prevent these risks and hazards to insure everybody’s safety. (Strategy 1) In any activity relating to water, the biggest issue would be someone drowning or†¦show more content†¦Your flippers needed to fit properly and feel comfortable. If they were too tight they would eventually begin to hurt your feet and if they were too loose they would fall off. For me, if the flippers did not fit comfortably, it made me more vulnerable to foot or leg cramps, which could possibly advance to a more dangerous situation. At Goat island we hired wetsuits, which provided sun protecting when we were in the water since the sunscreen would’ve been washed off. We were also provided with head caps which help keep out hair in place and prevent foreign organism from getting in there.we were advised not to sit on the rocks , as this would scratch holes onto the backside of the wetsuit. Having these risk management strategies for our equipment was relevant since the gear we used at Goat Island were not our own and were hired locally, it meant extra caution and care would be needed when using their equipment. Not applying these strategies could create potential risks which could jeopardize our safety. These strategies allowed us to snorkel comfortably in the water without complication such as getting burnt or constantly adjusting your mask. Also when we were done with the gear, no damage was inflicted to any equipment. When we were practising snorkelling in-school. We should have had our own snorkel and flippers to use. Since a people were complaining about the sizing on the flippers and

Advanced When Live in Big Cities Free Essays

ADVANCED WHEN LIVE IN BIG CITIES Big cities are often more exciting and they also have a quicker pace. Living in large cities means that you have to become more active so that you can adapt to a variety of situations. Another aspect of the exciting of city life is the variety of cultural activities available. We will write a custom essay sample on Advanced When Live in Big Cities or any similar topic only for you Order Now Big cities are cultural centers where there are social activies, sports events, concerts, trade shows, fashion shows, ect†¦ In big cities, there are a lot of places for you to relax at weekends and go on vacatons such as theatres, cinemas, parks and zoos, and centers of recreation. Big cities are aslo economical centers with a lot of big companies, both national and international. It means that you have many chances to get a good job. These are rare in small towns or the countryside. In addition, there are many facilities for our life and health care. For example, you can find plenty of shops and supermarkets around places where you are living. Therefore, you can buy everyday neccessities quickly. Furthermore, people concern more about their health and safety than other things in their lifes. In big cities, medical facilities and emergency services are easily accessibe than in the countryside. Big cities also have convinient transportation and utility systems. They also offer faster internet connections. These all make our life easier. To summazire, I think that living in big cities is much better than living in the countryside because of advanced facilities and social activities. How to cite Advanced When Live in Big Cities, Papers